Marxism, Gender, and Mediated Memories of National Socialism: the Paradoxical Case of Christa Wolf’s Kindheitsmuster (1976) Katherine Stone
نویسنده
چکیده
This article explores ambivalences in the representation of women's participation in the Third Reich in Christa Wolf's Kindheitsmuster (1976). Its thematic and aesthetic departure from the GDR's official stance towards National Socialism is well-noted. As this article demonstrates, however, Wolf's subversive feminine and moral perspective on the Nazi past also relies on an ideal of human interaction, embodied in some of the female protagonists. This leads Wolf to reinstate the idealised gender norms that traditionally define the memory of National Socialism. Her association of women with essential values further clashes with institutional Marxism's emphasis on the historical, and therefore changeable, nature of man, his social relations, and of gendered oppression. This article considers Wolf's paradoxical departure from and reinscription of the state-sanctioned model of history in light of the Marxist texts that have shaped Wolf's interpretation of fascism, paying particular attention to the place of the Frankfurt School's concept of instrumental reason and J.J. Bachofen's notion of matriarchy in her feminist and historical understanding. An examination of the ambivalent construction of gender and guilt in Kindheitsmuster raises important questions about how gender functions symbolically in the left-wing texts that came to shape post-war interpretations of National Socialism in both Germanies. Anhand des Romans Kindheitsmuster (1976) untersucht dieser Aufsatz Ambivalenzen in Christa Wolfs Darstellung der Schuld bzw. Komplizenschaft von Frauen im Dritten Reich. Die thematische und ästhetische Abweichung des Romans von der offiziellen Leitlinie der DDR zur NS-Vergangenheit wird von Kritikern oft hervorgehoben. Weniger beachtet wird die Tatsache, dass Wolfs subversiver weiblicher und moralischer Blick auf das Dritte Reich auf einer durch ihre weiblichen Figuren verkörperten Idealvorstellung des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens aufbaut. Dies führt in Kindheitsmuster dazu, dass Wolf genau diejenigen stereotypischen Ideale weiblicher Unschuld wiederholt, die im kulturellen Gedächtnis verankert sind. Wolfs Aufladung von Weiblichkeit mit positiven Werten steht zudem in Widerspruch zur marxistischen Deutung von Geschlechterrollen und -hierarchien als gesellschaftsbedingt. Dieser Artikel untersucht diese paradoxe Verknüpfung linker Theorie und Essentialismus mit Blick auf die marxistischen Ideen, die Wolfs Faschismusdeutung beeinflusst haben, insbesondere die von der Frankfurter Schule geprägte Idee des instrumentellen Denkens und die Bachofensche Theorie vom
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